FED là gì? Những điều cần biết về Cục dữ trữ liên Bang Hoa Kỳ

FED có thể xem là tổ chức tài chính lớn và quyền lực nhất thế giới, đây cũng là tổ chức duy nhất in tiền đô la Mỹ. FED đưa ra chính sách tiền tệ không chỉ ảnh hưởng đến Hoa Kỳ mà còn liên quan đến rất nhiều quốc gia khác. Các thông tin về lãi suất chắc chắn là vấn đề nhận được nhiều sự quan tâm của nhà đầu tư. Cùng đánh giá sàn tìm hiểu những thông tin liên quan đến tổ chức FED cũng như những chính sách của tổ chức này ảnh hưởng như thế nào đến nền kinh tế thế giới?

Giao dịch trên thị trường ngoại hối

1. FED là gì và tổ chức này ra đời như thế nào?

Tổ chức FED là gìTổ chức FED là gì

Tổ chức FED hay còn gọi là cục dự trữ liên bang ( trong tiếng Anh Federal Reserve System – viết tắt FED) là ngân hàng trung ương của Mỹ, thành lập từ ngày 23/12/1913, theo đạo luật có tên “Federal Reserve Act” được ký bởi tổng thống Woodrow Wilson với mục đích duy trì một chính sách tiền tệ linh hoạt, an toàn và ổn định cho nước Mỹ.

Năm 1910 do lo ngại về việc khủng hoảng kinh tế tài chính khiến cho các lãnh đạo Mỹ tin rằng cần phải đổi mới hệ thống ngân hàng quốc gia. Cả 2 Đảng Cộng hòa và Dân chủ luôn tồn tại bất đồng quan điểm trong rất nhiều lĩnh vực, tuy nhiên cả 2 Đảng đều đồng nhất tư tưởng rằng hệ thống tiền tệ của Mỹ hiện nay hoạt động không được linh hoạt và không đảm bảo như cầu phát triển của nền kinh tế quốc gia.

Đảng Cộng hòa, do Thượng nghị sĩ Nelson Aldrich đứng đầu ủng hộ việc thành lập ngân hàng trung ương dưới sự bảo trợ bởi 1 ngân hàng tư nhân, có trụ sở tại Washington, D.C. để dễ dàng mở rộng hoặc ký hợp đồng tiền tệ khi cần. Ngược lại, Đảng Dân chủ không tin tưởng vào các ông chủ Phố Wall vid vậy ủng hộ thành lập một hệ thống ngân hàng do chính phủ kiểm soát.

Sau nhiều tranh luận, tháng 11/1913, Quốc hội đã thông qua “Đạo luật Dự trữ liên bang”  dựa trên các ý tưởng của Aldrich Plan. Paul Warburg cùng nhiều chuyên gia được chỉ định điều hành hệ thống mới thành lập này. Đến năm 1915, tổ chức FED chính thức đi vào hoạt động đóng vai trò chủ chốt tài trợ các nỗ lực chiến tranh của Mỹ và phe liên minh trong Chiến tranh thế giới thứ nhất.

Cục Dự trữ Liên bang không chịu sự kiểm soát của bất cứ cơ quan nào, chính vì vậy, những quyết định của FED đưa ra sẽ không “thiên vị” hay vì lợi ích riêng cho phe nào mà chủ yếu là phục vụ cho người dân và các lợi ích công cộng.

Giá vàng Online

2. Cơ cấu tổ chức FED

  • Hội đồng Thống đốc gồm 7 thành viên, nhiệm kỳ 14 năm, do Tổng thống Mỹ chỉ định: những người sẽ trực tiếp đưa ra các quyết định quan trọng về chính sách tiền tệ
  • Ủy ban Thị trường mở (FOMC) gồm có 7 thành viên của Hội đồng Thống đốc cùng 5 chủ tịch ngân hàng chi nhánh, có nhiệm vụ thực hiện các nghiệp vụ trên thị trường mở.
  • Các ngân hàng của FED (12 ngân hàng) được đặt tại các thành phố lớn như Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Richmond, Atlanta, Chicago, St. Louis, Minneapolis, Kansas City, Dallas và San Francisco sẽ thực hiện các nhiệm vụ còn lại.
  • Các ngân hàng thành viên.

3. Vai trò của FED

Vai trò của FEDVai trò của FED

  • Tạo việc làm cho công dân Hoa Kỳ, ổn định giá cả cũng như điều chỉnh lãi suất dài hạn.
  • Duy trì sự ổn định của nền kinh tế. Bên cạnh đó kiềm chế sự rủi ro có thể phát sinh từ thị trường tài chính. Bình ổn giá cả của sản phẩm và dịch vụ nhằm khuyến khích tăng trưởng kinh tế.
  • Bảo vệ hệ thống tài chính an toàn và đảm bảo quyền tín dụng của người tiêu dùng thông qua việc giám sát các tổ chức ngân hàng.
  • Cung cấp các dịch vụ tài chính cho các tổ chức quản lý tài sản có giá trị cũng như các tổ chức chính thức nước ngoài, chính phủ Mỹ có vai trò chính trong việc vận hành hệ thống chi trả quốc gia.

Top sàn Forex uy tín tại Việt Nam

4. Các công cụ tác động tới chính sách tiền tệ của FED

Các công cụ tác động tới chính sách tiền tệ của FEDCác công cụ tác động tới chính sách tiền tệ của FED

  • Thay đổi lãi suất: USD là đồng tiền chủ chốt, vì vậy thay đổi lãi suất sẽ ảnh hưởng lớn đến chính sách tiền tệ…
  • Mua bán trái phiếu chính phủ: mua trái phiếu sẽ làm tăng lượng tiền lưu thông, dẫn đến lãi suất giảm cũng như kích thích việc chi tiêu và vay ngân hàng gia tăng.
  • Quy định lượng tiền mặt dự trữ: nếu  khối lượng tiền mặt  dự trữ lớn khi đó phần cho vay sẽ giảm đi, vay mượn khó hơn và lãi suất tăng lên.

Phần kết

USD là đồng tiền chính của tổ chức FED và chiếm vị trí quan trọng trong hệ thống tiền tệ quốc tế. Chính vì vậy, rất nhiều sản phẩm quan trọng được định giá bằng USD. Việc kiểm soát USD của FED cũng khiến thị trường toàn cầu bị kiểm soát gián tiếp, tất cả những quyết định của FED đều tác động đến nền kinh tế thế giới. Chính vì thế nếu không muốn bị cháy tài khoản, trader nên chú ý đến những thông tin về FED.

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  69. Today, I went to the beach with my kids.

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    and it pinched her ear. She never wants to go back!
    LoL I know this is totally off topic but I had to tell someone!

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